All the world's
pentest companies
Showing 3401-3499 of 7599 companies (Page 35 of 76)
achelos GmbH
German IT services and cybersecurity provider specializing in security-critical applications; offers penetration testing, security testing, and digital identity management solutions. Employs 41 staff, founded in 2008, headquartered in Paderborn, with a focus on cybersecurity, security engineering, and compliance with EU regulations.
X41 D-Sec GmbH
Cybersecurity company specializing in application security, penetration testing, and red teaming; 6 employees, founded 2015 in Aachen, Germany; offers tailored pentest services, security research, and application security services; ranked #9,668,948 globally with 1,532 monthly visits.
madpat werbeagentur
Advertising services company with a focus on cybersecurity solutions; offers penetration testing, vulnerability assessment, and consulting services; based in Germany with official address in Remseck am Neckar, and a German domain (madpat.de); 271 monthly website visits.
HanseSecure GmbH
HanseSecure GmbH is a German IT security company specializing in penetration testing, offensive security, and strategy consulting; with 4 employees, founded in 2022, headquartered in Munich, and offering tailored security services including self-determined attacks and protection. It has 9,746 monthly website visits and ranks #2,165,654 globally, operating in categories such as red team, social engineering, and vulnerability scans.
Actago GmbH
German cybersecurity firm based in Landau, Bavaria; offers penetration testing services including automated tests and compliance assessments for DORA/NIS2; supports security evaluations and consulting.
Usd Ag
German cybersecurity firm USD AG specializes in penetration testing services such as system, web, API, mobile app, Active Directory, cloud, and SAP pentests; headquartered in Germany, with a strong focus on proactive security assessments.
atsec information security GmbH
Computer and Network Security company specializing in penetration testing, vulnerability analysis, and security consulting; offers services including certifications and audits, with a focus on independent, high-quality security assessments. Founded in 2000, based in München, Germany, with international offices; 4 employees, with expertise validated through certifications and EUCC accreditation.
Aroundsec
German cybersecurity firm specializing in penetration testing and offensive security services; offers simulated attack assessments and vulnerability detection with a focus on comprehensive security testing. Based in Germany; publicly verified through homepage and LinkedIn profile.
Cloudyrion
Cybersecurity firm based in Düsseldorf, Germany, providing penetration testing and ethical hacking services; specializes in AI security testing and secure-by-design assessments, with active offerings in risk-based penetration tests and compliance support.
Awaretec GmbH
German-based cybersecurity firm specializing in penetration testing and red teaming; offers comprehensive attack simulation services including web, network, mobile, and cloud pentests; operates on a .de domain and is corroborated by German incorporation and headquarters profiles.
Nscon Network, Security & Consulting Gmbh
German cybersecurity company based in Altenstadt, Hesse; specializes in network security consulting and penetration testing services, including security analysis with pentesting tools, configuration audits, and automation.
CS Cyber Shield GmbH
German cybersecurity firm specializing in penetration testing and attack simulation; provides comprehensive cyber risk assessment and vulnerability analysis services to protect critical infrastructure and organizations in Germany.
Gutenberg Rechenzentrum GmbH & Co. KG
Cybersecurity firm providing enterprise-grade security services including penetration testing; based in Hannover, Germany with 7 employees and 125% YoY growth.
SCHUTZWERK GmbH
Cybersecurity consultancy specializing in independent IT and cybersecurity assessments; offers penetration testing services; 17 employees; founded 2002; headquartered in Ulm, Germany; active in application security, risk assessment, embedded security, and more.
Pentest Factory GmbH
Cybersecurity consulting firm specializing in penetration testing; 3 employees, founded 2019, headquartered in Geldern, Germany; performs vulnerability assessments to identify security weaknesses in corporate networks and applications.
SERPENTEQ GmbH
Cybersecurity company providing penetration testing and vulnerability assessments; 6 employees; based in Heidelberg, Germany; specializes in security awareness, darknet intelligence, and application security.
KALWEIT ITS GmbH
Cybersecurity company specializing in high-level penetration testing and IT security consulting; 5 employees with 33.3% YoY growth; founded 2017; based in Hamburg, Germany; offers penetration testing, vulnerability management, and cyber resilience services.
Mgm Security Partners GmbH
German-based cybersecurity firm headquartered in Munich; specializes in penetration testing, application security assessments, and red team/offensive security services, offering comprehensive offensive security solutions.
RedTeamer IT Security
IT services and consulting firm specializing in penetration testing and security solutions; based in Wuppertal, Germany with 2 employees; provides expert security assessments to meet specific IT security needs.
Recurity Labs Gmbh
Recurity Labs GmbH is a cybersecurity consulting company based in Berlin, Germany, specializing in system security design, verification, and high-end analysis. The firm explicitly provides penetration testing services using manual and custom security tools, with expertise in white-box testing and security assessments involving simulated attacks.
Data-sec Gmbh
Germany-based cybersecurity firm specializing in penetration testing; offers external/internal pentests, vulnerability assessments, and exploitation testing; headquartered in March, Baden-Württemberg, with German contact details.
![IT-Security Coach GmbH [itsecuritycoach]](https://www.itsecuritycoach.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/itsc_zertifikat_iapp_cipm.webp)
IT-Security Coach GmbH [itsecuritycoach]
German cybersecurity company based in Olpe; provides penetration testing, attack simulation, and vulnerability assessments for network, web, and physical security; detailed testing processes include scanning, attack phases, and reporting.
De-bit Group
De-bit Group is a German IT service provider based in Gelnhausen, Hessen, with over 25 years of experience. They specialize in cybersecurity, offering penetration testing, security assessments, and IT solutions for authorities, municipalities, and businesses. The company emphasizes certifications like ISO 27001, demonstrating their expertise in security testing and vulnerability management.
Neosec
Neosec is a private IT services and cybersecurity consulting company based in Mönchengladbach, Germany, with 4 employees and 25% YoY growth. It specializes in attack surface enumeration, vulnerability assessment, penetration testing, and AI/ML risk prediction, providing comprehensive security support to organizations.
binsec GmbH
Cybersecurity company specializing in penetration testing and security assessments; offers structured pentests for IT infrastructure, web, and mobile apps since 2013; based in Frankfurt, Germany with 3 employees and 20% YoY growth.
Hxnwrk
Cybersecurity firm based in Bielefeld, Germany, specializing in penetration testing, red teaming, and vulnerability assessments; provides simulated attack testing services and security evaluations.
Codemetrix GmbH
Cybersecurity company specializing in penetration testing, vulnerability scans, compliance, and data protection; 2 employees with 100% YoY growth; headquartered in Germany; offers security software development lifecycle services and security training.
AERAsec Network Services and Security GmbH
Germany-based cybersecurity firm specializing in IT security services; offers penetration testing and automated security assessments; headquartered in Hohenbrunn, Bavaria.
yatesh
IT services and consulting firm specializing in cybersecurity; offers penetration testing, audits, open source intelligence, and training; founded in 2022, based in Germany, with 2 employees and a 33.3% YoY decline in growth.
SecTepe
German cybersecurity firm based in Wülfrath; specializes in penetration testing, red teaming, and offensive security with a focus on vulnerability identification and proactive defense; registered in Germany with a focus on IT security testing and emergency response services.
Antago GmbH
Cybersecurity company headquartered in Bensheim, Germany; offers penetration testing and incident response services with over 10 years of experience; ISO 27001, ISO 9001, and ISO 27701 certified, serving German Mittelstand and international clients.
Security Risk Solutions
Security Risk Solutions is a German-based private computer and network security firm specializing in penetration testing, vulnerability analysis, and information security services; founded in 2007, it has 4 employees and offers managed security, business continuity, and certification solutions including ISO 27001 and PCI DSS.
Cyber Samurai GmbH
Germany-based IT security provider specializing in penetration testing, security awareness training, and SOC as a Service; headquartered in Vaterstetten, Bayern, with a focus on comprehensive cybersecurity solutions.
Neon Information Security GmbH
Germany-based cybersecurity company headquartered in Munich; specializes in penetration testing and security validation using VASE, an automated end-to-end SIEM testing platform that simulates attacker perspectives to verify detection and security controls.
Commpact GmbH
IT services and consulting company specializing in ICT, privacy, and data security; provides penetration testing services including ICO ITSec PROFESSIONAL PENETRATION TESTING; based in Neubrandenburg, Germany with 2 employees, founded in 1990.
Dreisessel-Apotheke
Pharmaceutical manufacturing company based in Neureichenau, Germany, with 2 employees; part of PT. Data Bisnis Solusi (dbs), specializing in telecommunications, informatics, and cybersecurity for over 20 years; offers penetration testing, cyber crime investigation, and AI solutions; 932 monthly website visits, global rank #9,084,350.
Incyde
Incyde is a Germany-based cybersecurity firm specializing in industrial cyber defense and penetration testing; they provide vulnerability assessments, test automation, and extend the V-model for security testing in industrial environments. The company emphasizes tailored security solutions and has published technical whitepapers demonstrating expertise in OT security and pentesting.
Gonkar IT Security
Cybersecurity firm headquartered in Munich, Germany; specializes in penetration testing services with over 20 years of experience in protecting networks, servers, and applications. Marketed as a leading provider of proactive security assessments, with dedicated service pages and a focus on business continuity.
HvS-Consulting
Cybersecurity consulting firm based in Garching, Germany; over 20 years of experience in offensive security; 50+ highly qualified employees; 500+ satisfied clients including 50% of DAX companies; specializes in penetration testing, red teaming, and security stress tests.
Cyfidelity Security Services GmbH
German cybersecurity firm based in Bielefeld; provides penetration testing, red/purple teaming, and offensive security services; registered in Germany with HRB 45654 and VAT ID; specializes in cyber resilience and security consulting.
Specops Solutions Gmbh
Cybersecurity firm headquartered in Germany; offers penetration testing and red team services, with a focus on offensive security and simulated attack testing.
Admijalo
German cybersecurity firm based in Minden; specializes in penetration testing, security audits, and red teaming; provides services including vulnerability assessments and security training; emphasizes human-factor security with 82% of attacks starting with human error; conducts over 10,500 security evaluations annually.
Mioso
Mioso is an IT solutions and cybersecurity company headquartered in Hamburg, Germany; specializes in penetration testing services including Blackbox/Whitebox tests, web app pentests, and OT security checks, demonstrating advanced technical capabilities in security assessment.
Concentrade GmbH
Cybersecurity company based in Dortmund, Germany; provides professional IT security solutions including penetration testing services using Pentera for automated attack simulations and real cybersecurity assessments; registered at Amtsgericht Dortmund.
Redfox Infosec Gmbh
Cybersecurity company headquartered in Konstanz, Germany; provides tailored IT security solutions, audits, and penetration testing services, including dedicated pentest offerings.
Human Risk Consulting GmbH
German cybersecurity company specializing in penetration testing and security awareness; provides security testing and vulnerability assessments with a focus on simulated attack testing and security training • Based in Germany; Official site and LinkedIn profile confirm German headquarters.
Trovent Security Gmbh
Cybersecurity company based in Bochum, Germany; specializes in penetration testing, vulnerability management, and attack detection; offers 30% discount on penetration tests; operates entirely within Germany, emphasizing local hosting and management.
Digitaldefense Information Systems Gmbh
Managed security provider based in Munich, Germany, specializing in cybersecurity and managed IT services; offers penetration testing and vulnerability management services, with operations in Munich, Vienna, and Berlin.
Admeritia GmbH
German cybersecurity firm specializing in OT security and penetration testing; provides security testing services including penetration tests in complex OT environments; headquartered in Langenfeld, Germany.
Lednerb IT-Security GmbH
German cybersecurity firm specializing in penetration testing, vulnerability scans, and security consulting; operates with 2 employees in Germany; emphasizes simple and effective cybersecurity solutions.
Movetech IT-Solutions
German cybersecurity firm based in Bad Nauheim, Hessen; specializes in penetration testing, security checks, and external IT security services; provides comprehensive security assessments to identify vulnerabilities.
Secureio GmbH
Germany-based cybersecurity firm headquartered in Munich; specializes in penetration testing and security assessments, including 360° product security evaluations, to identify vulnerabilities and enhance security posture.
BDO Cyber Security GmbH
German cybersecurity company based in Hamburg; specializes in offensive security services including penetration testing, red teaming, and OT/IoT security assessments; offers live crisis simulations and practical security insights for clients.
Pentaris Security GmbH
Cybersecurity firm specializing in offensive security, penetration testing, and red teaming; founded 2025, 3 employees, headquartered in Püttlingen, Germany; focuses on simulating real-world attacks to identify security vulnerabilities.
Warpnet B.V.
Cybersecurity company specializing in penetration testing, code reviews, SRE, and security consulting; 22 employees with 7.1% YoY growth; founded 1996; headquartered in Germany; offers network, web, Wi-Fi, IoT, and mobile app pentests using OSSTMM, PTES, and OWASP standards; active in sharing security knowledge to improve Dutch digital safety.
ProSec GmbH
ProSec GmbH is a German cybersecurity firm specializing in IT security, penetration testing, vulnerability analysis, and ethical hacking courses; with 30 employees, $3.4M revenue, founded in 2014, headquartered in Mendig, Germany, and recognized for its proactive cybersecurity solutions and recent growth milestones.
MindBytes GmbH
IT services and consulting company specializing in cybersecurity, penetration testing, and red teaming; 3 employees with 75% YoY growth; founded 2023; headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany; provides vulnerability assessments to strengthen cybersecurity defenses.
whitelisthackers
Cybersecurity company specializing in penetration testing, red teaming, and ethical hacking; based in Bamberg, Germany with 10 employees and +25% YoY growth since 2016. Provides active offensive security services including simulated attacks and vulnerability exploitation, confirmed by dedicated service pages and categories.
proofnet GmbH
proofnet GmbH is a German automotive company specializing in embedded security services for connected cars; 5 employees, founded in 2015, focusing on security pentests, fuzz testing, false behavior analysis, and exploit development in embedded automotive systems.
Federal Office for Information Security (BSI)
Government cybersecurity agency based in Bonn, Germany; 298 employees (+28.7% YoY growth); founded 1991; provides IT security, penetration testing, vulnerability assessments, and digital transformation services; active in public security research and updates, with over 456,000 monthly website visits.
Cybertise
Cybertise is a German cybersecurity firm specializing in offensive security and penetration testing; it offers manual BlackBox and GreyBox pentest services, with legal registration as Cybertise UG (haftungsbeschränkt), based in Siegen, Germany, and registered under HRB 13133.
TÜV TRUST IT Unternehmensgruppe TÜV AUSTRIA
Germany-based IT services and consulting company with 41 employees (+4.1% YoY growth), specializing in security, quality, and independent testing; offers penetration testing and red team services, including attack simulations and certification; headquartered in Cologne, with a strong reputation in information security and data protection.
GAI NetConsult GmbH
IT services and consulting company based in Berlin, Germany, founded in 1994 with 14 employees; specializes in secure ebusiness solutions, security management, risk analysis, audits, and process control; offers penetration testing, security audits, and red teaming services; focuses on public administration, healthcare, and government agencies.
msg
msg is a Germany-based IT services and consulting firm with 1,404 employees and over 40 years of experience; it offers a wide range of digital solutions across sectors like automotive, finance, healthcare, and public sector. The company provides penetration testing services to identify and address security vulnerabilities, and has recent partnerships with Verizon, Lenovo, and Motorola, along with launching new applications.
Deutsche Telekom
Deutsche Telekom is a leading German telecommunications company with 12,361 employees, $113.3B annual revenue, and a EUR110.7B market cap. It provides connectivity, digitalization, and security solutions, including penetration testing services through its subsidiary T-Systems and internal teams; 25.9M monthly website visits, ranked #1,653 globally and #78 in Germany. The company has received $3.3B in total funding, last raised in 2006, and recently acquired Synedra Information Technologies GmbH. Deutsche Telekom is active in categories such as IT security, cloud computing, IoT, 5G, smart home, and connected car, with a high employer rating of 4.0/5.0 based on 2,800 reviews.
zentrust partners
German IT security consulting company specializing in penetration testing; headquartered in Wiesbaden, Germany, with a focus on transparency and reliability in IT and OT security.
Pentest24® IT-Security & Penetration Testing
Germany-based IT security company specializing in penetration testing and consulting; employs BSI-certified penetration testers; operates under Bindig Media GmbH in Chemnitz; offers comprehensive security assessments for companies and authorities in Germany; 1 employee; 656 monthly website visits.
SySS GmbH
German cybersecurity company specializing in penetration testing; provides modular pentest services with detailed reports; headquartered in Tübingen, Germany; GmbH registered.
pen.sec AG
Germany-based IT services and consulting company specializing in cybersecurity, including penetration testing, weak-state analysis, and security consulting; 2 employees with 166.7% YoY growth, founded in 2017, offering comprehensive cyber security solutions.
greenhats GmbH
IT services and cybersecurity company based in Germany; provides proactive security solutions, human-enhanced AI security management, security checks, and penetration testing including red-teaming and white/black box testing; 6 employees with 40% YoY growth, founded in 2016, specializing in security awareness and system protection.
SmartTECS Engineers GmbH
SmartTECS Engineers GmbH is a Germany-based railroad equipment manufacturer founded in 2021, with 7 employees and 50% YoY growth; specializes in rail vehicle development, refit, and infrastructure, emphasizing electrical, software, and system engineering. Additionally, it offers penetration testing services including web, infrastructure, Active Directory, cloud, wireless, IoT, and product security testing.
AWARE7 GmbH
German cybersecurity firm based in Gelsenkirchen; provides penetration testing (pentest) services with expertise demonstrated through dedicated service pages and technical blog content; headquartered at Munscheidstr. 14, 45886 Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
DGC AG
Cybersecurity company based in Germany; specializes in all-in-one cybersecurity solutions with a focus on penetration testing, risk management, and threat protection. Founded in 2015, employs 24 staff with 44.4% YoY growth; headquartered in Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein.
SVA System Vertrieb Alexander GmbH
German IT service provider based in Wiesbaden; offers penetration testing (pentest) services with certified testers (OSCP/OSCE), covering network, WLAN, web, mobile, IoT, Active Directory, cloud, and physical testing; provides vulnerability identification and remediation guidance.
ACIN Secure Solutions
ACIN Secure Solutions is a German cybersecurity company specializing in customized IT security consulting, modular penetration testing, digital forensics, and security audits. Founded in 2024 and based in Hannover, they have a team of 2 employees. Their services include modular pentest, GRC analysis, red teaming, and incident response, with a focus on vulnerability testing and making security concepts accessible.
DSecured
IT security company specializing in penetration testing, red teaming, bug bounty hunting, and threat intelligence; founded 2023 in Berlin, Germany, with a background in offensive security and vulnerability assessment. Operates as a private firm with 1 employee, focusing on cybersecurity consulting and vulnerability detection.
iteratec
iteratec is a Germany-based private software development firm with 320 employees and $68.3M annual revenue, founded in 1996. It specializes in digital product innovation, software architecture, and digital infrastructures, with a focus on IT security including penetration testing services such as application pentests, ethical hacking, and vulnerability assessments. The company has completed over 1,000 projects, maintains a strong market presence, and is known for its expertise in digital transformation and cybersecurity.
Umbrella Unternehmensberatung GmbH
German cybersecurity consulting firm specializing in high-security networks and penetration testing; headquartered in Berlin, with legal registration in the German commercial register (HRB 168 227 B); offers structured pentest services and employs penetration testing consultants.
BreakinLabs
Cybersecurity company based in Regensburg, Germany, specializing in penetration testing; provides proactive security assessments to identify vulnerabilities and prevent cyber attacks.
JCSec GmbH
IT services and consulting company specializing in IT security for banking and insurance sectors; 2 employees; headquartered in Solingen, Germany; offers penetration testing, security tools, cloud, migration, vulnerability analysis, SIEM, and compliance management.
carmasec GmbH & Co. KG
Germany-based IT services and cybersecurity firm specializing in penetration testing and offensive security; 21 employees, founded 2018, headquartered in Essen, with a focus on security architecture, cloud security, and threat-informed defense, actively engaged in simulated attack testing.
netzsicher
German cybersecurity company specializing in threat-led penetration testing; offers realistic attack simulations and employee phishing tests; headquartered in Lünen, Germany, registered as GmbH.
NEXGAP
Germany-based cybersecurity company specializing in offensive security and threat intelligence; offers penetration testing, dark web monitoring, and risk assessment services for European clients. Headquarters in Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, founded with a focus on next-gen identity and battlefield cyber readiness.
Exploit Labs LLC
Cybersecurity company specializing in penetration testing, vulnerability assessments, and red teaming; based in Germany with a registered address in Eschborn and founded in 2022; provides cybersecurity services and training in the MENA and GCC regions; 1 employee, with active web and social media presence.
Iteracon GmbH
Germany-based IT full-service provider; offers penetration testing and security evaluation services; operates in German; GmbH legal form; Focuses on innovative, secure, and sustainable digital solutions.
Katana Sec GmbH
German cybersecurity company based in Munich; specializes in advanced penetration testing, including web application assessments; emphasizes proactive security with simulated hacking to identify vulnerabilities.
Bindig Media GmbH
Bindig Media GmbH is a Germany-based private IT & Services company specializing in data reverse, data recovery, and IT security; with 2 employees, founded in 2004, and over 20 years of expertise. Recognized as a penetration testing provider, it offers certified IT solutions, data forensics, and consulting services, primarily serving Leipzig and surrounding regions.
TÜV Rheinland Group
German-based public safety company with 5,308 employees (+12.2% YoY growth), $2.6B annual revenue; provides technology services including product testing, certification, and safety assessments; specializes in penetration testing and red team engagements to identify vulnerabilities and enhance cybersecurity defenses.
siberas GmbH
German cybersecurity consulting firm specializing in security analyses and penetration tests; headquartered in Winnenden with a GmbH registration; provides independent IT security assessments and vulnerability identification services.
8com GmbH & Co. KG
IT services and consulting company based in Germany; 52 employees with 47.5% YoY growth; specializes in IT security including penetration testing, security audits, and information security management; serves clients in textile and personalized apparel sectors; global rank of ~4.6 million with 3,700 monthly visits.
Iteratec Nurdemteam Eg
German cooperative company and employee-owned entity; based in Germany, with explicit mention of offering penetration testing (pentest) services, including OWASP testing, as part of its portfolio. The organization is a shareholder in iteratec GmbH and aligns with the broader Iteratec group.
OHB SE
German aerospace and space systems manufacturer; 761 employees (+22.2% YoY growth), $1.1B annual revenue, EUR873.3M market cap • Specializes in satellites, space exploration, and digital solutions; offers penetration testing services including cybersecurity and WLAN pentests.
Sse Secure Systems Engineering
German cybersecurity firm specializing in tailored IT security solutions; offers penetration testing, red teaming, and scenario-based assessments; headquartered in Berlin, Germany, with a GmbH legal form, emphasizing resilience through defensive and offensive security approaches.
Hackmanit
Hackmanit GmbH is a Germany-based cybersecurity company specializing in penetration testing and ethical hacking services; it has 1 employee, was founded in 2014, and is headquartered in Bochum. The firm actively provides VAPT, Red Teaming, and open penetration tests, emphasizing attacker perspective and responsible security practices. It attracts 1,467 monthly visitors and ranks #8,840,743 globally, focusing on web security, TLS, SSL, and cross-site scripting.
Alphasolid It Gmbh
Germany-based IT security company specializing in penetration testing; offers offensive security services including network and Active Directory assessments to identify vulnerabilities.
SySS GmbH
German IT-security provider specializing in penetration testing and offensive security; headquartered in Germany; offers services including pentest, red teaming, and live hacking, with a focus on proactive security assessments.
audatis Group - Compliance & Security
German-based cybersecurity firm specializing in penetration testing and cybersecurity assessments; offers web, network, WiFi, and cloud pentests with a focus on identifying vulnerabilities and enhancing security posture; 14 employees, $255.7K revenue, founded 2011.
Hacking Cult
German-based IT services and consulting firm with 5 employees; specializes in cybersecurity including penetration testing, security training, and consulting; offers specialized pentest services for rich-client and IoT applications; registered as GmbH in Ingolstadt, Germany.
Allgeier Group
Allgeier Group is a private German IT & Services company specializing in digital transformation, with 24 employees, $449.4M annual revenue, and a EUR173.2M market cap. Founded in 1977 and headquartered in München, it supports over 2,500 clients globally with software, IT, and cybersecurity services, including penetration testing through its units Allgeier CyRis and Allgeier Secon. The company has a 9.6% YoY growth and is ranked #1,591,637 worldwide.
Securance GmbH
Cybersecurity firm based in Düsseldorf, Germany; provides penetration testing, red teaming, and offensive security services; offers state-of-the-art cyber insurance with security expertise; supports offensive security with detailed testing services and ethical hacking capabilities.